Spontaneous Fermentation
Spontaneously fermented wines are made solely with naturally occurring yeasts, without adding specially cultivated yeasts, known as pure-culture yeasts.
Spontaneous fermentation uses natural, wild yeasts to metabolise sugar into alcohol and carbon. These natural yeasts either come from the vineyard, where they are found on the grape skins, or have developed in the cellars over many years. The must or crushed grapes are therefore left 'to chance', raising the intriguing question: which yeast species will dominate and prevail? This can vary, for example, according to the vintage, the origin of the grapes, the characteristics of the must (sugar content, temperature…) or the vessel (barrel or tank). Although all wine yeasts and wild organisms form the same products during fermentation, the quantities they produce differ. Fermentation with spontaneous yeasts results in individual, multifaceted aroma profiles shaped by vintage differences and the particular terroir. This is a popular way of influencing the wine as little as possible and is therefore widely used in organic winemaking.
When fermentation is not spontaneous, pure-culture yeasts can be used instead. These consist of a single yeast strain and have been cultivated for specific characteristics. Deliberately adding these yeasts, unlike using spontaneous yeasts, allows better control of fermentation and thus greater influence over the fermentation process and the eventual wine quality.